Active gaming and self-paced exercise: A self-determination perspective
Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to identify physical activity, enjoyment, and factors for future activity between an active video game (AVG) condition and self-paced exercise (SPE) among college-aged students.
Methods: Thirty college-aged volunteers (age=22±1.68 years) completed 4-45 minute physical activity sessions (2 AVG; 2 self-paced). A survey and a brief structured interview followed.
Results: Overall, participants expended more calories, accumulated more steps, and more physical activity during SPE; however, participants in the AVG condition met daily exercise recommendations. The majority of participants (81%) enjoyed playing the AVG. Autonomy and competence were found as common themes among those who preferred the SPE condition; whereas, lack of knowledge and exercise variety were emergent themes among those who preferred AVG.
Conclusions: This study provides evidence that college students could meet daily exercise recommendations by participating in AVG interventions; although AVGs that provided autonomy and allowed users to demonstrate competence would be preferable.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2018 Wadsworth DD, et al.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Wing R, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 82: 222-225. Ref.: https://goo.gl/raK2dd
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). State indicator report on physical activity, 2014. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services. 2014.
American College Health Association. American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Executive Summary Spring 2014. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association; 2014.
Bray SR, Born HA. Transition to university and vigorous physical activity: Implications for health and psychological well-being. J Am Coll Health. 2004; 52: 181-188. Ref.: https://goo.gl/14R9EP
The US. National Physical Activity Plan. The US. National Physical Activity Plan: Education Sector. [Cited July 2017] Available from https://goo.gl/6trXpX
Sanders GJ, Peacock CA, Barkley JE, Gish B, Brock S, et al. Heart Rate and Liking During “Kinect Boxing” Versus “Wii Boxing”: The Potential for Enjoyable Vigorous Physical Activity Videogames. Games for Health Journal. 2015; 4: 265-270. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Be2LPz
Maloney AE, T. Carter Bethea Kristine S. Kelsey Julie T. Marks Sadye Paez, et al. A pilot of a video game (DDR) to promote physical activity and decrease sedentary screen time. 2008; 16: 2074-2080. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LeWNvg
McDougall J, Duncan MJ. Children, video games and physical activity: An exploratory study. International Journal on Disability and Human Development. 2008; 7: 89-94. Ref.: https://goo.gl/41vMZb
Peng W, Lin J, Crouse J. Is playing exergames really exercising? A meta-analysis of energy expenditure in active video games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 2011; 14: 681-688. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7YoQ71
Chen G. Effects of exergaming and the physical education curriculum. J Sport Health Sci. 2013; 2.
Barkley JE, Penko A. Physiologic Responses, Perceived Exertion, and Hedonics of Playing a Physical Interactive Video Game Relative to a Sedentary Alternative and Treadmill Walking in Adults. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online. 2009; 12. Ref.: https://goo.gl/TM3MCE
Graves L, Stratton G, Ridgers ND, Cable NT. Energy expenditure in adolescents playing new generation computer games. Br J Sports Med. 2008; 42: 592-594. Ref.: https://goo.gl/QxYHhY
Jones S. Let the games begin: Gaming technology and college students| Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. 2003.
Schneider M, Cooper DM. Enjoyment of exercise moderates the impact of a school-based physical activity intervention. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011; 8: 64. Ref.: https://goo.gl/WsgRsZ
Teixeira PJ, Carraca EV, Markland D, Silva M, Ryan RM. Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012; 9: 78. Ref.: https://goo.gl/zeUpCE
Ryan RM, Rigby CS, Przybylski A. The motivational pull of video games: A self-determination theory approach. Motivation and emotion. 2006; 30: 344-360. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DPPHxk
Wadsworth DD, Foote S. Gaming and Physical Activity: A self-directed approach. In: Gaming: Trends, Perspectives and Impact on Health. New York: Nova Science Publishers 2016.
Straker LM, et al. Efficient and Effective Change Principles in Active Videogames. Games for Health Journal. 2015; 4: 43-52. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bYcWce
Deci EL, Ryan RM. Handbook of self-determination research. University Rochester Press. 2002.
Ryan RM, Frederick C, Lepes D, Rubio N, Sheldon K. Intrinsic motivation and exercise adherence. Int J Sport Psychol. 1997; 28: 335-354. Ref.: https://goo.gl/NR14Gv
Van Nguyen H, Huang HC, Wong MK, Lu J, Huang WF, et al. Double-edged sword: The effect of exergaming on other forms of exercise; a randomized controlled trial using the self-categorization theory. Computers in Human Behavior. 2016; 62: 590-593. Ref.: https://goo.gl/AtFrUY
Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. (2002). PAR-Q & You. https://goo.gl/BdtkQy
Borg G. Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales. Human kinetics. 1998.
Welk GJ, McClain JJ, Eisenmann JC, Wickel EE. Field validation of the MTI Actigraph and BodyMedia armband monitor using the IDEEA monitor. Obesity. 2007; 15: 918-928. Ref.: https://goo.gl/2vnWJN
Ritchie J, Lewis J, Nicholls CM, Ormston R, editors. Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. 2013.
Miyachi M, Yamamoto K, Ohkawara K, Tanaka S. METs in adults while playing active video games: a metabolic chamber study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010; 42: 1149-1153. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qBvGjx
Lanningham-Foster L, Foster RC, McCrady SK, Jensen TB, Mitre N, et al. Activity-promoting video games and increased energy expenditure. J Pediatr. 2009; 154: 819-823. Ref.: https://goo.gl/HWcx4L
Weaver JB, Mays D, Weaver SS, Kannenberg W, Hopkins GL, wet al. Health risk correlates of video-game playing among adults. Am J Prev Med. 2009; 37: 299-305. Ref.: https://goo.gl/CCSE6M