The effect of cognitive strategies of association and dissociation on central nervous activation: A controlled trial with long distance runners
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to experimentally assess the effect of cognitive strategies of association and dissociation while running on central nervous activation. A total of 30 long distance runners volunteered for the study. The study protocol consisted on three sessions (scheduled in three different days): (1) maximal incremental treadmill test, (2) associative task session, and (3) dissociative task session. The order of sessions 2 and 3 was counterbalanced. During sessions 2 and 3, participants performed a 55 min treadmill run at moderate intensity. Both, associative and dissociative tasks responses were monitoring and recording in real time through dynamic measure tools. Consequently, was possible to have an objective control of the attentional. Results showed a positive session (exercise+attentional task) effect for central nervous activation. The benefits of aerobic exercise at moderate intensity for the performance of self-regulation cognitive tasks are highlighted. The used methodology is proposed as a valid and dynamic option to study cognitions while running in order to overcome the retrospective approach.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2017 Rodríguez OR, et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Brick N, MacIntyre T, Campbell M. Attentional focus in endurance activity: new paradigms and future directions. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2014; 7: 106-134. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Rt8zd9 s
Connolly C, Tenenbaum G. Exertion-attention-flow linkage under different workloads. JASP. 2010; 40: 1123-1145. Ref.: https://goo.gl/mSbZY7
Masters KS, Ogles BM. Associative and dissociative cognitive strategies in exercise and running: 20 years, what do we khow? TSP. 1998; 12: 273-270. Ref.: https://goo.gl/VvZL66
Salmon P, Hanneman S. Harwood B. Associative/dissociative cognitive strategies in sustained physical activity: Literature review and proposal for a mindfulness-based conceptual model. TSP. 2010; l: 127-157. Ref.: https://goo.gl/f66FT6
De la Vega R, Rivera O, Ruiz-Barquín R, Ramos JJ, Segovia JC. Does an internal focus really affect running performance? An experimental approach to the effect of attentional focus. CPD. 2016; 16: 77-86. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9QGjUC
Audiffren M, André N. The strength model of self-control revisited: Linking acute and chronic effects of exercise on executive functions. JSHJ. 2015; 4: 30-46. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GFbwRT
Brisswalter J, Collardeau M, Arcelin R. Effects of acute physical exercise characteristics on cognitive performance. Sports Medicine. 2002; 32: 555-566. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kag1ts
Chmura J, Nazar K, Kaciuba-Uscilko H. Choice reaction time during graded exercise in relation to blood lactate and plasma catecholamine thresholds. IJSM. 1994; 15: 172-176. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Pb51Zr
Davey CP. Physical exertion and mental performance. Ergonomics. 1973; 16: 595-599. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LHev3g
Kamijo K, Nishihira Y, Higashiura T, Hatta A, Kaneda T, et al. Influence of exercise intensity on cognitive processing and arousal level in the central nervous system. Advances in Exercise & Sports Physiology. 2006; 12: 1-7. Ref.: https://goo.gl/S9Tizr
Kashihara K, Maruyama T, Murota M, Nakahara Y. Possitive effects of acute and moderate physical exercise on cognitive function. JPA. 2009; 28: 155-164. Ref.: https://goo.gl/guC3bx
Lambourne K, Tomporowski P. The effect of exercise-induced arousal on cognitive task performance: A metaregression analysis. Brain Research. 2010; 10: 12-24. Ref.: https://goo.gl/FDN99p
McMorris T, Keen P. Effect of exercise on simple reaction times of recreational athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1994; 78: 123-130. Ref.: https://goo.gl/SRhShb
Chan YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, Etnier JL. The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Brain Research. 2012; 1453: 87-101. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jkuL4Z
Davranche K, Audiffren M. Facilitating effects of exercise on information processing. J Sports Sci. 2004; 22: 419-428. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ouc3ZQ
Critchley HD, Corfield DR, Chandler MP, Mathias CJ, Dolan RJ. Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: a functional neuroimaging investigation in humans. J Physiol. 2000; 523: 259-270. Ref.: https://goo.gl/NNXRYF
Davranche K, Pichon A. Critical Flicker Frequency Threshold Increment after an Exhausting Exercise. JSEP. 2005; 27: 515-520. Ref.: https://goo.gl/9fgBqQ
Clemente VJ. Fatiga del Sistema nervioso mediante umbrales Flicker Fusion después de una prueba incremental máxima en ciclistas. J Sport Health Res. 2011; 3: 27-34. Ref.: https://goo.gl/pCAHBe
Godefroy D, Rousseu C, Vercruyssen F, Cremieux J, Brisswalter J. Influence of physical exercise on perceptual response in aerobically trained subjects. Percept Mot Skills. 2002; 94: 68-70. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1g2pgD
Ito S, Kanbayashi T, Takemura T, Kondo H, Inomata S, et al. Acute effects of zolpidem on daytime alertness, psychomotor and physical performance. Neurosci Res. 2007; 59: 309-313. Ref.: https://goo.gl/YmouvQ
Clemente VJ, Martinez R. Fatiga del sistema nervioso mediante umbrales Flicker Fusion después de una prueba de ultraresistencia por relevos de 200 km. CCD. 2010; 5: 33-38.
Li Z, Jiao K, Chen M, Wang C. Reducing the effects of driving fatigue with magnitopuncture stimulation. Accid Anal Prev. 2004; 36: 501-505. Ref.: https://goo.gl/EZbjes
Presland J, Dowson S, Cairns S. Changes of motor drive, cortical arousal and perceived exertion following prolonged cycling to exhaustion. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005; 95: 42-51. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wRmMQv
Smith J, Misiak H. Critical flicker frequency (CFF) and psychotropic drugs in normal human subjects-a review. Psychopharmacologia. 1976; 47: 175-182. Ref.: https://goo.gl/TX1WKw
Tomporowski P. Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2003; 112: 297-324. Ref.: https://goo.gl/5n2y4X
Bray S, Martin Ginis KA, Hicks A, Woodgate J. Effects of self-regulatory strength depletion on muscular performance and EMG activation. Psychophysiology. 2008; 45: 337-343. Ref.: https://goo.gl/j5zNjk
Bray SR, Graham JD, Martin Ginis KA, Hicks A. Cognitive task performance causes impaired maximum force production in human hand flexor muscles. Biol Psychol. 2012; 89: 195-200. Ref.: https://goo.gl/3DNNzj
Martin Ginis KA, Bray SR. Application of the limited strength model of self-regulation to understanding exercise effort, planning and adherence. Psychol Health. 2010; 25: 1147-1160. Ref.: https://goo.gl/c3cQeP
Karoly P. Mechanisms of self-regulation:a systems view. Annu Rev Psychol. 1993; 44: 23-52. Ref.: https://goo.gl/EyQa9s
Hagger MS, Wood C, Stiff C, Chatzisarantis NL. Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2010; 136: 495-525. Ref.: https://goo.gl/K4FZJv
Marcora SM, Staiano W, Manning V. Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2009; 106: 857-864. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qH1hBN
MacMahon C, Schücker L, Hagemann N, Strauss B. Cognitive fatigue effects on physical performance during running. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2014; 36: 375-381. Ref.: https://goo.gl/xGk8SP
Pageaux B, Lepers R, Dietz KC, Marcora SM. Response inhibition impairs subsequent self-paced endurance performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014; 114: 1095-1105. Ref.: https://goo.gl/aWng6B
McEwan D, Martin Ginis KA, Bray SR. The effects of depleted self-control strength on skill-based task performance. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2013; 35: 239-245. Ref.: https://goo.gl/JJ8APU
Pageaux B, Marcora S, Rozand V, Lepers R. Mental fatigue induced by self-regulation does not exacerbate central fatigue during subsequent whole-body endurance exercise. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015; 9: 1-12. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yJAg6T
Cárdenas D, Conde-Gonzáles J, Perales JC. La fatiga como estado motivacional subjetivo. Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte. 2017; 10: 31-41. Ref.: https://goo.gl/FJ2dmd
Dietrich A. Functional neuroanatomy of altered states of consciousness: the transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Conscious Cogn. 2003; 12: 231-256. Ref.: https://goo.gl/P3Y8sj
Benyo R, Henderson J. Running Encyclopedia. The ultimate source fort today’s runner. Human Kinetics. 2002; 356.
Görtelmeyer R, Wiemann H. Retest reliability and construct validity of critical Flicker Fusion Frequency. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1982; 15: 24-28. Ref.: https://goo.gl/SJ21ug
Borg G. Perceived exertion and pain scale. Human Kinetics. 1998.
Borg G. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982; 14: 377-381. Ref.: https://goo.gl/qjP1Jf
Bolgar MR, Baker CE, Goss FL, Nagle E, Robertson RJ. Effect of exercise intensity on differentiated and undifferentiated ratings of perceived exertion during cycle and treadmill exercise in recreationally active and trained women. J Sports Sci Med. 2010; 9: 557-563. Ref.: https://goo.gl/3FbLx4
Noble RJ, Robertson RJ. Perceived Exertion, Human Kinetics. Champaign. 1996; 77-81.
MacLeod CM. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychol Bull. 1991; 109: 163-203. Ref.: https://goo.gl/5kU625
Orr GW, Green HJ, Hughson RL, Bennett GW. A computer linear regression model to determine ventilator anaerobic threshold. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982; 52: 1349-1352. Ref.: https://goo.gl/g8dUkx
Jones AM, Carter H. The effect of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. Sports Med. 2000; 29: 373-386. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jJqK1L
Tjelta LI, Enoksen E. Training volume and intensity. In J. Bangsbo & H. B. Larsen (Eds.). Institute of Exercise and Sports Sciences. 2001; 149-177. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bpBcTB
Pageaux B, Marcora SM, Lepers R. Prolonged mental exertion does not alter neuro muscular function of the knee extensors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013; 45: 2254-2264. Ref.: https://goo.gl/bJdzcP
Davranche K, Burle B, Audiffren M, Hasbroucq T. Information processing during physical exercise: a chronometric and electromyographic study. Exp Brain Res. 2005; 165: 532-540. Ref.: https://goo.gl/59u5uH
Davranche K, Burle B, Audiffren M, Hasbroucq T. Physical exercise facilitates motor processes in simple reaction time performance: An electromyographic analysis. Neurosci Lett. 2006; 396: 54-56. Ref.: https://goo.gl/1Eehgz
KarenDavranche, JeanickBrisswalter, RémiRadel. Where are the limits of the effects of exercise intensity on cognitive control?. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2015; 4: 56-63. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yuDpFX
Yu-KaiChang, LinChi, Jennifer L. Etnier, Chun-ChihWang, Chien-HengChu, et al. Effect of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive performance: Role of cardiovascular fitness. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2014; 15: 464-470. Ref.: https://goo.gl/UG9vtJ
Hüttermann S, Memmert D. Does the inverted-U function disappear in expert athletes? An analysis of the attentional behavior under physical exercise of athletes and non-athletes. Physiol and Behav. 2014; 131: 87-92. Ref.: https://goo.gl/E6EAkz
Labelle V, Bosquet L, Mekary S, Bherer L. Decline in executive control during acute bouts of exercise as a function of exercise intensity and fitness level. Brain Cogn. 2013; 81: 10-17. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kP6Gus
Dietrich A, Audiffren M. The reticular-activating hypofrontality (RAH) model of acute exercise. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011; 35: 1305-1325. Ref.: https://goo.gl/y8ZwMs
Langner R, Steinborn MB, Chatterjee A, Sturm W, Willmes K. Mental fatigue and temporal preparation in simple reaction time performance. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2010; 133: 64-72. Ref.: https://goo.gl/J1cKXd
Helton WS, Warm JS. Signal salience and the mindlessness theory of Vigilance. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2008; 129: 18-25. Ref.: https://goo.gl/v2LZSw
Tomei G, Cinti ME, Cerratti D, Fioravanti M. Attention, repetitive works, fatigue and stress. Ann Ig. 2006; 18: 417-429. Ref.: https://goo.gl/NZnrtX
Morgan WP, Pollock ML. Psychologic characterization of the elite distance runner. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1977; 301: 382-403. Ref.: Ref.: https://goo.gl/k5K4ka
St Clair Gibson A, Baden DA, Lambert MI, Lambert EV, Harley YX, et al. The conscious perception of the sensation of fatigue. Sports Med. 2003; 33: 167-176. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XzSj1T
Doherty M, Smith PM, Hughes MG, Collins D. Rating of perceived exertion during high-intensity treadmill running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33: 1953-1958. Ref.: https://goo.gl/8QPVkk